Precursors Part 4

2-nitro-2-(m-nitrophenyl)-propanediol-1,3 X_aY_bZ_c CAS number 72677-21-5

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

1-nitropropane CH₃CH₂CH₂NO₂ CAS number 108-03-2

mp -108 bp 131.6 d 0.9934 m 89.09 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

2-nitropropane CH₃CH(NO₂)CH₃ CAS number 79-46-9

mp -93 bp 120.3 d 0.9821 m 89.09 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate NOBF₄ CAS number 14635-75-7

mp ? bp ? d 2.185 m 116.81 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: nitrosonium tetrafluorborate; nitrosyl fluoborate; nitrosyl fluoride
Synthesis: Nothing yet

nitrous oxide N₂O CAS number 10024-97-2

mp -90.81 bp -88.46 d - m 44.01 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: dinitrogen monoxide; dinitrogen oxide; factitious air; hyponitrous acid anhydride; laughing gas; nitrogen oxide
Synthesis: This is listed as a potential undesired byproduct of explosive manufacture, but its drug properties make it a good candidate for inclusion in The Pharmacy.

oxalic acid X_aY_bZ_c CAS number 144-62-7

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis:    Oxalic acid is available OTC in hardware stores as a generic cleaning agent. It is sold as a reasonably pure powder in approximately 500 g boxes depending on brand.
     It is often desirable to use anhydrous oxalic acid; it can be dried by the following procedure. Place a glass casserole dish or pie plate in an oven and preheat it to 100 °C. When the temperature has been reached, remove the dish and rapidly cover it with a uniform layer of finely pulverized oxalic acid, quickly return the dish to the oven. The layer of acid should not be more 3-4 mm thick, and should be as finely powdered as possible to insure maximum dehydration. Let the acid cook for 2 hours.
     When finished, the product is removed, crushed if slightly caked, and quickly bottled to keep it away from moisture. The exact quantity that can be dried is dependant on the size and number of plates you use. A certain portion of oxalic acid will sublime during heating, and this portion may eventually be harmful to the metal of the oven. I suggest you crank up the heat for another hour when done to drive off any remaining vapors, then give the oven a washing to prevent any contamination, even if this oven is not used to cook food with.

oxanilide C₁₄H₁₂N₂O₂ CAS number 620-81-5

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: N,N'-diphenyl-ethanediamide; oxaldianilide
Synthesis: This substance has been used as an antiflash agent in propellants, and as a coolent and burning rate reducer in fuzes. To synthesize, mix two parts of oxalic acid with one part of aniline in a round bottom flask. Stir and heat the mixture until the reaction is complete as evidenced by the cessation of effervescence. The mass should be cooled to room temperature, poured into several volumes of water cooled to 21-24 °C, then filtered on a Buchner funnel. The material on the funnel is washed free of oxalic acid with water, and then washed free of aniline with acetone. The washed material is dried at 100-110 °C.

oxygen O₂ CAS number 7782-44-7

mp -218.4 bp -182.96 d - m 32 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: GOX; LOX
Synthesis: Coming soon!

paraffin mixture of C_nH_{2n + 2} CAS number 308069-08-1

mp 50-57 bp ? d 0.90 m - c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: hard paraffin; paraffin wax
Synthesis: Nothing yet

paraformaldehyde (CH₂O)_n CAS number 30525-89-4

mp - bp - d ? m - c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Flammable

Synonyms: Formagene; Paraform; polyoxymethylene; triformol; trioxymethylene
Synthesis: Nothing yet

paraldehyde C₆H₁₂O₃ CAS number 123-63-7

mp 12 bp 124 d 0.994 m 132.16 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane; paracetaldehyde; Paral
Synthesis: See the end of acetylaldehyde for the Synthesis of paraldehyde.

Pearlman's catalyst X_aY_bZ_c CAS number 12135-22-7

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

pentaerythritol C₅H₁₂O₄ CAS number 115-77-5

mp 260 bp ? d ? m 136.15 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; Hercules P 6; monopentaerythritol; PE 200; pentaertyhrito; PETP; tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane; tetramethylolmethane; THME
Synthesis:    Prepare a solution of 800 g of paraformaldehyde and 165.5 mL of acetaldehyde in 5.5 L of water. Add to this solution 180 g of powdered calcium oxide in small portions with rapid stirring, a mechanical stirrer is advised. The rate of addition of the calcium oxide is adjusted such that the temperature of the solution rises to 50 °C over a 30 minute period with the first portion. The addition of each subsequent portion should not be allowed to raise the temperature above 55 °C. After the addition is complete, stirring is continued for 3 hours. The solution will become yellowish. After stirring, the solution is filtered to remove any contaminant particles, and the yellow filtrate is acidified with just enough hydrochloric acid to make it acid to litmus paper. It is recommended to decolorize the filtrate; add the decolorizer, stir for 5 minutes, and then filter again.
     The colorless filtrate is now concentrated under reduced pressure until crystals begin to separate. Since it is rather inconvenient to run the entire lot, divide the solution into portions. The concentration can be done with a vacuum distillation setup. Using a 500-mL flask, add 200-300 mL of solution, when 40% of the water (80-120 mL) has boiled over, stop the distillation and add the next portion. Eventually you should have approximately 3 L of concentrated solution left. Heat this solution on a steam bath, while hot, suction filter it to remove any contamination. Any precipitated crystals that get caught on the filter can be washed through by wetting with steam. The filtrate is now allowed to stand in a refrigerator overnight, whereupon the first crop of crystals will precipitate. These crystals are filtered to collect them. The filtrate is then boiled down to about 2 L, and again refrigerated overnight. A second crop of crystals will form; these can be filtered to collect them like before. The filtrate is now boiled down to about 1.2 L, refrigerated overnight, and the subsequent crystals are collected by filtration. The filtrate is finally boiled down to the consistency of syrup, refrigerated overnight, and the last crop of crystals is collected by filtration.
     The combined crystals, which should weigh as much as 410-420 g, are recrystallized from an equal weight of hot water containing 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This new solution can be decolorized, and then boiled down to obtain several additional crops of pure crystals. Discard the last 30-40 mL. The yield is about 55-57%.

perchloric acid HClO₄ CAS number 7601-90-3

mp -112 bp dec d 1.768 m 100.46 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Oxidizer

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Coming soon!

perchloryl fluoride ClFO₃ CAS number 7616-94-6

mp -147.7 bp -46.7 d - m 102.45 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

petroleum ether mixture CAS number 8032-32-4

mp - bp 90-155 d 0.860 m - c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Flammable

Synonyms: benzin; Benzoline; Canadol; ligroin; ligroine; naphtha petroleum; naphtha, VM&P; petroleum naphtha; petroleum spirits; refined solvent naphtha; solvent naphtha; varnish makers' & painters' naphtha; V.M.&P. naphtha
Synthesis: Petroleum ether, or ligroin, is a very common solvent made up of a mixture of all the crap left over from petroleum industries. As such, it can't really be synthesized without extensive resources and equipment, it is far easier just to buy it. Petroleum ether is not all that expensive or hard to get, it is available OTC in hardware and paint stores as a paint solvent, usually under the name of VM&P naphtha. It retails around $2.70 a liter. VM&P naphta stands for Varnish Makers and Painters naphtha.

phenol C₆H₅OH CAS number 108-95-2

mp 43 bp 182 d 1.071 m 94.11 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Toxic

Synonyms: baker's p and s; benzenol; carbolic acid; hydroxybenzene; monohydroxy benzene; monophenol; oxybenzene; phenic; phenic acid; phenol alcohol; phenyl hydrate; phenyl hydroxide; phenylic acid; phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide; phenylic alcohol
Synthesis:    Pour 18.2 mL of 95-100% sulfuric acid as rapidly as possible, with stirring, into 50 mL of water in a 500-mL beaker. Add to the hot solution 10 g of freshly distilled aniline, with stirring, by allowing it to flow down the side of the beaker. Next add 100 mL of water. Place the beaker into a cold water bath so it may cool to room temperature, it is then treated with a solution of 8.5 g of sodium nitrite in 40 mL of water, until it shows a blue spot on starch-potassium-iodide paper. If you do not have the paper, add it all. The beaker will now contain diazobenzene sulfate, this is gently heated to 40-50 °C for 30 minutes to convert it to phenol.
     The phenol that should have formed is removed by steam distillation. Add a large enough quantity of salt to the distillate so it becomes saturated, the solution is now extracted several times with ether. Add a small amount of sodium sulfate to the combined ether extracts and let it stand for a few hours. The ether is then evaporated, and the residue of phenol is simple distilled. The yield is about 7-8 g.
     The liquid that remains in the flask after the steam distillation contains oxydiphenyl. It can be disposed of, or filtered hot. Upon cooling crystals will form.

phosphorus X_aY_bZ_c CAS number 7723-14-0 P

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

phosphorus oxychloride POCl₃ CAS number 10025-87-3

mp 1.25 bp 105.8 d 1.645 m 153.33 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive

Synonyms: phosphoryl chloride; phosphorus chloride
Synthesis: Coming soon!

phosphorus pentoxide P₂O₅ CAS number 1314-56-3

mp 340 bp 360 d 2.30 m 141.94 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive

Synonyms: diphosphorus pentoxide; phosphoric anhydride
Synthesis: Nothing yet

phosphorus trichloride PCl₃ 1

mp -112 bp 76 d 1.574 m 137.33 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: phosphorus chloride
Synthesis: Under water, in a shallow dish, cut 40 g of white phosphorus into small pieces with a knife. Displace the air in a 250-mL Florence flask with dry carbon dioxide. Add each piece of phosphorus to the flask by removing it from the water with tweezers, drying quickly by pressing between several layers of paper towel, and immediately placing in the flask. Be extremely careful that you do not ignite the phosphorus by friction from the paper towel, or by dropping it against the next of the flask. As soon as all of the phosphorus has been added, set the flask up for simple distillation with addition. Instead of a separatory funnel on the Clasien adapter, seal the straight arm with a 1-hole stopper or a thermometer adapter. Into the hole place a straight length of glass tubing far enough into the flask such that it is just above the level of the phosphorus. Do not run water through the condenser. The receiving flask should be held under a shower of cold water, and in a cold water bath, for example under a running faucet, and in a bowl that can overflow into the sink. There will be substantial quantities of waste chlorine gas, if you are using a vacuum adapter to connect the condenser to the receiver, attach a hose to it so it may direct the gas elsewhere. If not, you will figure something out, or you will suffocate.
A moderately rapid current of dry chlorine gas is passed over the white phosphorus; phosphorus trichloride will form with the evolution of heat and light. Some crystals of phosphorus pentachloride may begin to clog the condenser, these can be dislodged by gently heating the condenser, or by increasing the flow of the chlorine to generate more heat. If some white phosphorus begins to distill over, reduce the flow of the chlorine, or try to cool the reaction flask by briefly immersing it in cold water. The phosphorus trichloride thus collected is purified by distillation.

picramic acid C₆H₅N₃O₅ 1

mp 169 bp - d ? m 199.12 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol; 6-amino-2,4-dinitrophenol; dinitroaminophenol; 2,4-dinitro-6-aminophenol; 4,6-dinitro-2-aminophenol; 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitroaniline; picraminic acid
Synthesis: Nothing yet

picryl chloride C₆H₂ClN₃O₆ 1

mp 83 bp ? d 1.797 m 247.55 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
Synthesis: Nothing yet

piperidine C₅H₁₁N 1

mp -7 bp 106 d 0.8622 m 85.15 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Flammable, Toxic

Synonyms: hexahydropyridine
Synthesis: Nothing yet

polystyrene (C₈H₈)_n 1

mp - bp - d 1.04-1.065 m - c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: Dylene; styrofoam; Trycite
Synthesis: Nothing yet

polyvinyl alcohol (CH₂CHOH)_n 1

mp - bp - d ? m - c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: ethenol homopolymer; Akwa Tears; Elvanol; Gelvatol; Liquifilm; Mowiol; Polyviol; PVA; Sno Tears; Vinarol; Vinol
Synthesis: Nothing yet

potassium carbonate K₂CO₃ 1

mp 891 bp ? d 2.29 m 138.21 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: pearl ash; salt of tartar
Synthesis: Coming soon!

potassium dinitroethanol X_aY_bZ_c 1

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

potassium hydroxide KOH 1

mp 360 bp ? d ? m 56.11 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive

Synonyms: caustic potash; potassa; potassium hydrate
Synthesis: Coming soon!

potassium hypophosphite KH₂PO₂ 1

mp dec bp - d ? m 104.09 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

potassium iodide KI 1

mp 680 bp - d 3.12 m 166.00 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: Jodid; Thyroblock; Thyrojod
Synthesis: Coming soon!

potassium nitrate KNO₃ 1

mp 333 bp 400 dec d 2.11 m 101.10 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Oxidizer

Synonyms: niter; nitric acid, potassium salt; saltpeter
Synthesis: Coming soon!

n-propyl alcohol CH₃CH₂CH₂OH 1

mp -127 bp 97.2 d 0.8016 m 60.10 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Flammable

Synonyms: 1-propanol; Optal; propylic alcohol
Synthesis: Nothing yet

propylene glycol CH₃CHOHCH₂OH 1

mp -59 bp 188.2 d 1.036 m 76.10 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: 1,2-propanediol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; methyl glycol
Synthesis:    This chemical can be found as a component in certain antifreeze as a non-toxic replacement for ethylene glycol. This Synthesis is for the laevorotatory version only, kind of like only left handed molecules versus a mixture of both left and right handed. This will not affect its usefulness. This Synthesis is kind of like fermenting alcohol.
     Prepare a solution of 1 Kg of sucrose in 9 L of water placed in a 20 L (5 gallon) bucket. Make a paste of baker's yeast by breaking up 1 Kg of yeast and gradually stirring in 1 L of water. This is then added to the sugar solution. Unless you have a way of sealing up the bucket, or you have a big bottle like a water cooler, I recommend pouring this solution into several 2-L plastic soda bottles, or gallon milk jugs. Cap each of the bottles with a one-hole rubber stopper and connect a length of rubber or plastic tubing from the stopper into a beaker, or small bucket, of water. This reaction will produce waste carbon dioxide and must be protected from air. The tubes in water allow the gas to escape while preventing any air from entering the bottle.
     The mixtures in the bottles are allowed to stand at room temperature until a lively evolution of gas starts, this will require from one to three hours. To the vigorously fermenting solutions add a total of 100 g of freshly prepared acetol; divide this equally between each bottle. The mixtures are allowed to stand at room temperature until the reaction subsides; adding the acetol may temporarily make it look like the reaction has subsided. The bottles are then transferred to a heated room kept at 32 °C, where the fermentation continues. At the end of three days the reaction is generally completed. At this point the yeast is suction filtered using a pad of fiberglass or asbestos instead of filter paper. The filtrate is concentrated to a thick syrup under diminished pressure on a water bath, the temperature being kept below 40 °C. This can be a tricky to maintain the temperature. A handy way to regulate it is to start with only a small amount of filtrate in the flask, then connect an addition funnel to the distillation setup from which you add more cold filtrate over time. Control the rate of addition of the filtrate to maintain the optimal temperature.
     The residue (about 200 mL) is added to a mixture of 400 mL of anhydrous ethyl alcohol and 100 mL of dry ether. The precipitate formed is removed by adding about 15 g of fiberglass fibers, stirring or shaking for 5 minutes, then suction filtering. The residue is extracted with a mixture of 200 mL of 98.5% ethyl alcohol and 100 mL of dry ether. The combined alcohol-ether solutions are concentrated under diminished pressure at 35�40 °C to a thick syrup. The residue is again taken up in a mixture of 400 mL of 98.5% alcohol and 100 mL of dry ether, mixed with glass fibers, and suction filtered. The filtered liquid is concentrated under diminished pressure and distilled to obtain about 100 g of crude product. The crude material is redistilled and collected at 88�90 °C under vacuum or 187�189 °C under atmospheric pressure. The final product is a colorless liquid having a density near water. The yield is 49-58% or about 50�60 g.

pyridine C₅H₅N 1

mp -41.6 bp 115.2 d 0.98272 m 79.10 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS Flammable

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

silicic acid H₂SiO₃ 1

mp ? bp ? d ? m ? c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms: Dri-Die; precipitated silica; silica gel
Synthesis: Nothing yet

silver Ag 1

mp 960.5 bp 2000 d 10.49 m 107.868 c $?.??

Safety Data: MSDS

Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

2-nitro-2-(m-nitrophenyl)-propanediol-1,3			X_aY_bZ_c	CAS number 72677-21-5
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

1-nitropropane			CH₃CH₂CH₂NO₂	CAS number 108-03-2
mp -108	bp 131.6	d 0.9934	m 89.09	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

2-nitropropane			CH₃CH(NO₂)CH₃	CAS number 79-46-9
mp -93	bp 120.3	d 0.9821	m 89.09	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate			NOBF₄	CAS number 14635-75-7
mp ?	bp ?	d 2.185	m 116.81	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: nitrosonium tetrafluorborate; nitrosyl fluoborate; nitrosyl fluoride
Synthesis: Nothing yet

nitrous oxide			N₂O	CAS number 10024-97-2
mp -90.81	bp -88.46	d -	m 44.01	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: dinitrogen monoxide; dinitrogen oxide; factitious air; hyponitrous acid anhydride; laughing gas; nitrogen oxide
Synthesis: This is listed as a potential undesired byproduct of explosive manufacture, but its drug properties make it a good candidate for inclusion in The Pharmacy.

oxalic acid			X_aY_bZ_c	CAS number 144-62-7
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Oxalic acid is available OTC in hardware stores as a generic cleaning agent. It is sold as a reasonably pure powder in approximately 500 g boxes depending on brand. It is often desirable to use anhydrous oxalic acid; it can be dried by the following procedure. Place a glass casserole dish or pie plate in an oven and preheat it to 100 °C. When the temperature has been reached, remove the dish and rapidly cover it with a uniform layer of finely pulverized oxalic acid, quickly return the dish to the oven. The layer of acid should not be more 3-4 mm thick, and should be as finely powdered as possible to insure maximum dehydration. Let the acid cook for 2 hours. When finished, the product is removed, crushed if slightly caked, and quickly bottled to keep it away from moisture. The exact quantity that can be dried is dependant on the size and number of plates you use. A certain portion of oxalic acid will sublime during heating, and this portion may eventually be harmful to the metal of the oven. I suggest you crank up the heat for another hour when done to drive off any remaining vapors, then give the oven a washing to prevent any contamination, even if this oven is not used to cook food with.

oxanilide			C₁₄H₁₂N₂O₂	CAS number 620-81-5
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: N,N'-diphenyl-ethanediamide; oxaldianilide
Synthesis: This substance has been used as an antiflash agent in propellants, and as a coolent and burning rate reducer in fuzes. To synthesize, mix two parts of oxalic acid with one part of aniline in a round bottom flask. Stir and heat the mixture until the reaction is complete as evidenced by the cessation of effervescence. The mass should be cooled to room temperature, poured into several volumes of water cooled to 21-24 °C, then filtered on a Buchner funnel. The material on the funnel is washed free of oxalic acid with water, and then washed free of aniline with acetone. The washed material is dried at 100-110 °C.

oxygen			O₂	CAS number 7782-44-7
mp -218.4	bp -182.96	d -	m 32	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: GOX; LOX
Synthesis: Coming soon!

paraffin			mixture of C_nH_{2n + 2}	CAS number 308069-08-1
mp 50-57	bp ?	d 0.90	m -	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: hard paraffin; paraffin wax
Synthesis: Nothing yet

paraformaldehyde			(CH₂O)_n	CAS number 30525-89-4
mp -	bp -	d ?	m -	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Flammable
Synonyms: Formagene; Paraform; polyoxymethylene; triformol; trioxymethylene
Synthesis: Nothing yet

paraldehyde			C₆H₁₂O₃	CAS number 123-63-7
mp 12	bp 124	d 0.994	m 132.16	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane; paracetaldehyde; Paral
Synthesis: See the end of acetylaldehyde for the Synthesis of paraldehyde.

Pearlman's catalyst			X_aY_bZ_c	CAS number 12135-22-7
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

pentaerythritol			C₅H₁₂O₄	CAS number 115-77-5
mp 260	bp ?	d ?	m 136.15	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; Hercules P 6; monopentaerythritol; PE 200; pentaertyhrito; PETP; tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane; tetramethylolmethane; THME
Synthesis: Prepare a solution of 800 g of paraformaldehyde and 165.5 mL of acetaldehyde in 5.5 L of water. Add to this solution 180 g of powdered calcium oxide in small portions with rapid stirring, a mechanical stirrer is advised. The rate of addition of the calcium oxide is adjusted such that the temperature of the solution rises to 50 °C over a 30 minute period with the first portion. The addition of each subsequent portion should not be allowed to raise the temperature above 55 °C. After the addition is complete, stirring is continued for 3 hours. The solution will become yellowish. After stirring, the solution is filtered to remove any contaminant particles, and the yellow filtrate is acidified with just enough hydrochloric acid to make it acid to litmus paper. It is recommended to decolorize the filtrate; add the decolorizer, stir for 5 minutes, and then filter again. The colorless filtrate is now concentrated under reduced pressure until crystals begin to separate. Since it is rather inconvenient to run the entire lot, divide the solution into portions. The concentration can be done with a vacuum distillation setup. Using a 500-mL flask, add 200-300 mL of solution, when 40% of the water (80-120 mL) has boiled over, stop the distillation and add the next portion. Eventually you should have approximately 3 L of concentrated solution left. Heat this solution on a steam bath, while hot, suction filter it to remove any contamination. Any precipitated crystals that get caught on the filter can be washed through by wetting with steam. The filtrate is now allowed to stand in a refrigerator overnight, whereupon the first crop of crystals will precipitate. These crystals are filtered to collect them. The filtrate is then boiled down to about 2 L, and again refrigerated overnight. A second crop of crystals will form; these can be filtered to collect them like before. The filtrate is now boiled down to about 1.2 L, refrigerated overnight, and the subsequent crystals are collected by filtration. The filtrate is finally boiled down to the consistency of syrup, refrigerated overnight, and the last crop of crystals is collected by filtration. The combined crystals, which should weigh as much as 410-420 g, are recrystallized from an equal weight of hot water containing 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This new solution can be decolorized, and then boiled down to obtain several additional crops of pure crystals. Discard the last 30-40 mL. The yield is about 55-57%.

perchloric acid			HClO₄	CAS number 7601-90-3
mp -112	bp dec	d 1.768	m 100.46	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Oxidizer
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Coming soon!

perchloryl fluoride			ClFO₃	CAS number 7616-94-6
mp -147.7	bp -46.7	d -	m 102.45	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

petroleum ether			mixture	CAS number 8032-32-4
mp -	bp 90-155	d 0.860	m -	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Flammable
Synonyms: benzin; Benzoline; Canadol; ligroin; ligroine; naphtha petroleum; naphtha, VM&P; petroleum naphtha; petroleum spirits; refined solvent naphtha; solvent naphtha; varnish makers' & painters' naphtha; V.M.&P. naphtha
Synthesis: Petroleum ether, or ligroin, is a very common solvent made up of a mixture of all the crap left over from petroleum industries. As such, it can't really be synthesized without extensive resources and equipment, it is far easier just to buy it. Petroleum ether is not all that expensive or hard to get, it is available OTC in hardware and paint stores as a paint solvent, usually under the name of VM&P naphtha. It retails around $2.70 a liter. VM&P naphta stands for Varnish Makers and Painters naphtha.

phenol			C₆H₅OH	CAS number 108-95-2
mp 43	bp 182	d 1.071	m 94.11	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Toxic
Synonyms: baker's p and s; benzenol; carbolic acid; hydroxybenzene; monohydroxy benzene; monophenol; oxybenzene; phenic; phenic acid; phenol alcohol; phenyl hydrate; phenyl hydroxide; phenylic acid; phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide; phenylic alcohol
Synthesis: Pour 18.2 mL of 95-100% sulfuric acid as rapidly as possible, with stirring, into 50 mL of water in a 500-mL beaker. Add to the hot solution 10 g of freshly distilled aniline, with stirring, by allowing it to flow down the side of the beaker. Next add 100 mL of water. Place the beaker into a cold water bath so it may cool to room temperature, it is then treated with a solution of 8.5 g of sodium nitrite in 40 mL of water, until it shows a blue spot on starch-potassium-iodide paper. If you do not have the paper, add it all. The beaker will now contain diazobenzene sulfate, this is gently heated to 40-50 °C for 30 minutes to convert it to phenol. The phenol that should have formed is removed by steam distillation. Add a large enough quantity of salt to the distillate so it becomes saturated, the solution is now extracted several times with ether. Add a small amount of sodium sulfate to the combined ether extracts and let it stand for a few hours. The ether is then evaporated, and the residue of phenol is simple distilled. The yield is about 7-8 g. The liquid that remains in the flask after the steam distillation contains oxydiphenyl. It can be disposed of, or filtered hot. Upon cooling crystals will form.

phosphorus			X_aY_bZ_c	CAS number 7723-14-0	P
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

phosphorus oxychloride			POCl₃	CAS number 10025-87-3
mp 1.25	bp 105.8	d 1.645	m 153.33	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive
Synonyms: phosphoryl chloride; phosphorus chloride
Synthesis: Coming soon!

phosphorus pentoxide			P₂O₅	CAS number 1314-56-3
mp 340	bp 360	d 2.30	m 141.94	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive
Synonyms: diphosphorus pentoxide; phosphoric anhydride
Synthesis: Nothing yet

phosphorus trichloride			PCl₃	1
mp -112	bp 76	d 1.574	m 137.33	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: phosphorus chloride
Synthesis: Under water, in a shallow dish, cut 40 g of white phosphorus into small pieces with a knife. Displace the air in a 250-mL Florence flask with dry carbon dioxide. Add each piece of phosphorus to the flask by removing it from the water with tweezers, drying quickly by pressing between several layers of paper towel, and immediately placing in the flask. Be extremely careful that you do not ignite the phosphorus by friction from the paper towel, or by dropping it against the next of the flask. As soon as all of the phosphorus has been added, set the flask up for simple distillation with addition. Instead of a separatory funnel on the Clasien adapter, seal the straight arm with a 1-hole stopper or a thermometer adapter. Into the hole place a straight length of glass tubing far enough into the flask such that it is just above the level of the phosphorus. Do not run water through the condenser. The receiving flask should be held under a shower of cold water, and in a cold water bath, for example under a running faucet, and in a bowl that can overflow into the sink. There will be substantial quantities of waste chlorine gas, if you are using a vacuum adapter to connect the condenser to the receiver, attach a hose to it so it may direct the gas elsewhere. If not, you will figure something out, or you will suffocate. A moderately rapid current of dry chlorine gas is passed over the white phosphorus; phosphorus trichloride will form with the evolution of heat and light. Some crystals of phosphorus pentachloride may begin to clog the condenser, these can be dislodged by gently heating the condenser, or by increasing the flow of the chlorine to generate more heat. If some white phosphorus begins to distill over, reduce the flow of the chlorine, or try to cool the reaction flask by briefly immersing it in cold water. The phosphorus trichloride thus collected is purified by distillation.

picramic acid			C₆H₅N₃O₅	1
mp 169	bp -	d ?	m 199.12	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol; 6-amino-2,4-dinitrophenol; dinitroaminophenol; 2,4-dinitro-6-aminophenol; 4,6-dinitro-2-aminophenol; 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitroaniline; picraminic acid
Synthesis: Nothing yet

picryl chloride			C₆H₂ClN₃O₆	1
mp 83	bp ?	d 1.797	m 247.55	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
Synthesis: Nothing yet

piperidine			C₅H₁₁N	1
mp -7	bp 106	d 0.8622	m 85.15	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive, Flammable, Toxic
Synonyms: hexahydropyridine
Synthesis: Nothing yet

polystyrene			(C₈H₈)_n	1
mp -	bp -	d 1.04-1.065	m -	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: Dylene; styrofoam; Trycite
Synthesis: Nothing yet

polyvinyl alcohol			(CH₂CHOH)_n	1
mp -	bp -	d ?	m -	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: ethenol homopolymer; Akwa Tears; Elvanol; Gelvatol; Liquifilm; Mowiol; Polyviol; PVA; Sno Tears; Vinarol; Vinol
Synthesis: Nothing yet

potassium carbonate			K₂CO₃	1
mp 891	bp ?	d 2.29	m 138.21	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms: pearl ash; salt of tartar
Synthesis: Coming soon!

potassium dinitroethanol			X_aY_bZ_c	1
mp ?	bp ?	d ?	m ?	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet

potassium hydroxide			KOH	1
mp 360	bp ?	d ?	m 56.11	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS Corrosive
Synonyms: caustic potash; potassa; potassium hydrate
Synthesis: Coming soon!

potassium hypophosphite			KH₂PO₂	1
mp dec	bp -	d ?	m 104.09	c $?.??
Safety Data: MSDS
Synonyms:
Synthesis: Nothing yet